Introduction:

Governmental accounting has recently gained significant importance in contemporary societies. It plays a crucial role in the financial management of countries, as well as in formulating and implementing financial policies to contribute to the activation of the role of public financial management of the state. Its importance is also highlighted in serving the government's administrative or political apparatus. The significance of governmental accounting has emerged as a response to the changes in societies, particularly the expansion of services and activities provided by the government. Reports and financial statements have become vital in economic planning, financial operation control, and evaluation of governmental financial operations by specific entities. This reflects the role of financial policies and economic management. Financial policies have become more focused on achieving economic stability due to the role of governmental accounting as an essential system for providing information to measure revenues, expenses, and their effectiveness. Governmental accounting in the public sector has long relied on cash basis until the beginning of the 1990s. Researchers, professional and academic organizations have increasingly shown interest in transitioning and shifting to an accrual basis. This transition aimed to bring governmental accounting closer to financial accounting. The result of this interest was the issuance of international governmental accounting standards known as IPSAS, adopted by many countries.

Objectives:

• Understand basic accounting concepts and the flow of accounting data through the accounting system.

• Learn methods for recording, posting accounting entries, and conducting inventory reconciliations.

• Acquire skills in applying accrual-based accounting procedures, identifying period-specific expenses and revenues.

• Develop skills in closing accounts, preparing financial statements, and budgets.

Target Audience:

• Senior management staff.

• Financial managers.

• Administrative and financial development committees.

• Financial planning managers.

• Financial accountants.

• Anyone interested in improving their skills and sees the need for this course.

Outlines:

Day 1:

The Comprehensive Framework of Governmental Accounting:

• Characteristics and objectives of governmental accounting.

• Interpretative theories of accounting in governmental units.

• Accrual accounting measurement principles in governmental accounting.

• Governmental accounting rules.

• Technical components of governmental accounting system (documents, books, records, reports).

• Practical applications on managing and implementing activities of the governmental accounting system.

Day 2:

Accounting Principles and Rules:

• Basic accounting concepts and principles.

• Foundations and elements of the accounting function.

• Financial accounting terminology (assets, expenses, audited profit, cash flow, etc.).

• Financial data: definition and uses.

• Difference between cash basis and accrual basis accounting.

Day 3:

Accrual-Based Accounting Adjustments and Entries:

• Principles of accrual-based accounting.

• Account reconciliations.

• Expense reconciliations.

• Revenue reconciliations.

• Determining accruals and deferrals.

• Preparing trial balance after adjustments.

• Various practical cases.

Day 4:

Closing Accounts, Preparing Financial Statements, and Reports:

• Preparing adjusting entries.

• Preparing closing entries for accounts.

• Post-closing trial balance after closing entries.

• Preparing financial statements and final accounts from the adjusted trial balance.

• Using accounting worksheets to prepare adjusting and closing entries.

Day 5:

Accrual and Entry Preparation for Various Financial Operations:

• Preparing accruals and entries for salaries and wages.

• Preparing accruals and entries for commitments and trusts.

• Preparing accruals and entries for loans and expenses.

• Preparing accruals and entries for revenues.

• Preparing accruals and entries for assets.

• Various practical applications and case studies.

Day 6:

Financial Reporting and Analysis in Governmental Accounting:

• Understanding financial reports and their components.

• Analyzing financial statements for governmental entities.

• Ratios and indicators for evaluating financial performance.

• Interpretation of financial data in a governmental context.

• Case studies and practical exercises on financial analysis.

Day 7:

Budgeting and Planning in Governmental Accounting:

• The importance of budgeting in public financial management.

• Types of budgets (operating, capital, etc.) in the government context.

• The budget preparation process and cycle.

• Monitoring and controlling budget execution.

• Budget variance analysis and corrective actions.

• Practical budgeting exercises and simulations.

Day 8:

Internal Control and Audit in Governmental Accounting:

• Principles of internal control in the public sector.

• Designing effective internal control systems.

• Role of internal audit in governmental entities.

• Conducting internal audits and assessments.

• Risk management and fraud prevention in governmental accounting.

• Case studies on internal control and audit.

Day 9:

Compliance and Accountability in Governmental Accounting:

• Ensuring compliance with laws, regulations, and policies.

• Accountability mechanisms in government financial management.

• Reporting on compliance and accountability.

• Evaluating and addressing compliance risks.

• Real-world examples and practical exercises on compliance.

Day 10:

Case Studies and Practical Application:

• Comprehensive case studies integrating all concepts covered.

• Real-world scenarios and simulations of governmental accounting challenges.

• Group discussions and problem-solving sessions.

• Review of key takeaways from the entire training program.

• Q&A and open discussion on participants' experiences and insights.